History Of Islam Essay -- essays research papers fc

At the point when Charles Martel crushed the Muslims in Spain and halted their development into more prominent Europe (Ahmed 67)0, he in all probability didn't know exactly the amount of an impact his triumph had on the historical backdrop of Europe, however of the known world. The way that Islam may have overwhelmed the remainder of the world had it not been for that urgent fight authenticates the quality of this moderately new religion. On the off chance that the quality of the religion is needy upon the individuals who start it, at that point it is essential to dissect the life of the one key character in history who started everything. That key character is Muhammad, the man that is known as the first and last evident prophet of Islam. Muhammad, the incredible prophet and originator of Islam, was conceived in 570 AD, and was soon a vagrant without guardians. He was raised by a group of unobtrusive methods and had to work to help himself at an early age. He worked with a voyaging troop as a driver and at the age of twenty-five, wedded his manager, a lady by the name of Khadija, by which he had four little girls and no children. In Mecca, the Ka'ba had for quite some time been an agnostic journey site. A dark stone, which had tumbled to the earth, was kept in the 3D square that likewise held 360 icons speaking to various divine beings and prophets, one for every level of the earth. The earth where Muhammad was raised was a polytheistic culture that had a solid accentuation on religion however not strict virtue. This away from of strict commitment upset Muhammad incredibly, and he started to stand in opposition to the act of worshipful admiration. At this point Muhammad had increased an enormous after. By the age of forty, Muhammad started to get visits from the heavenly attendant Gabriel, who presented God's assertion to him at unpredictable stretches. These recitations, known as the Qur'an, were ordered by Muhammad's devotees around 650 or 651. The essential message Muhammad got was that of accommodation. The very word Islam implies "surrender" or "submission". The accommodation is to the desire of Allah, the unparalleled genuine God. Muslims are the individuals who have submitted themselves. The essential topic of Islam is straightforward and clear: There is no God however Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah (Denny 67-70). Islam instructs that there is one God, the maker and sustainer of the universe. Muhammad showed his supporters that this God, Allah, is caring and just. Further, he instructed them that becaus... ...lly disregarded by Christians for a long time. The way that these prophets had almost no achievement was rehashed in Muhammad's very own considerable lot encounters, while he lectured the unity of God to the Arabs in Mecca. The primary concern of his message was that he was the toward the end in the arrangement of prophets, the last individual that would uncover the celestial truth. Muhammad changed the strict world a lot with a his lone twenty-two years of administration and administration. He is viewed as the last and most prominent prophet of God by in excess of a couple of Muslim adherents, and it has been anticipated that continuously 2000, one-fourth of the world's by then six billion individuals will call themselves Muslims (Braswell 207). Works Cited Ahmed, Akbar S. From Samarkand to Stornoway Living Islam. Incredible Britain: BBC Books, 1994 Braswell, George W., Jr, Islam: Its Prophet, Peoples, Politics and Power. US of America: Broadman & Holman, 1996 Denny, Frederick Mathewson. An Introduction to Islam. New Jersey: Macmillan, 1985 Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. Islam Tradition and Politics Human Rights. Colorado: Westview Press, 1995 History Of Islam Essay - papers research papers fc At the point when Charles Martel vanquished the Muslims in Spain and halted their development into more prominent Europe (Ahmed 67)0, he in all probability didn't know exactly the amount of an impact his triumph had on the historical backdrop of Europe, yet of the known world. The way that Islam may have surpassed the remainder of the world had it not been for that significant fight bears witness to the quality of this moderately new religion. In the event that the quality of the religion is needy upon the individuals who start it, at that point it is critical to examine the life of the one key character in history who started everything. That key character is Muhammad, the man that is known as the first and last evident prophet of Islam. Muhammad, the incredible prophet and originator of Islam, was conceived in 570 AD, and was soon a vagrant without guardians. He was raised by a group of unassuming methods and had to work to help himself at an early age. He worked with a voyaging troop as a driver and at the age of twenty-five, wedded his boss, a lady by the name of Khadija, by which he had four girls and no children. In Mecca, the Ka'ba had for some time been an agnostic journey site. A dark stone, which had tumbled to the earth, was kept in the solid shape that likewise held 360 symbols speaking to various divine beings and prophets, one for every level of the earth. Nature in which Muhammad was raised was a polytheistic culture that had a solid accentuation on religion however not strict virtue. This away from of strict devotion upset Muhammad significantly, and he started to stand in opposition to the act of worshipful admiration. At this point Muhammad had increased an enormous after. By the age of forty, Muhammad started to get visits from the blessed messenger Gabriel, who presented God's assertion to him at unpredictable spans. These recitations, known as the Qur'an, were ordered by Muhammad's devotees around 650 or 651. The essential message Muhammad got was that of accommodation. The very word Islam implies "surrender" or "submission". The accommodation is to the desire of Allah, the unparalleled genuine God. Muslims are the individuals who have submitted themselves. The essential topic of Islam is basic and clear: There is no God yet Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah (Denny 67-70). Islam instructs that there is one God, the maker and sustainer of the universe. Muhammad showed his adherents that this God, Allah, is sympathetic and just. Further, he instructed them that becaus... ...lly disregarded by Christians for a long time. The way that these prophets had next to no achievement was rehashed in Muhammad's very own large number encounters, while he lectured the unity of God to the Arabs in Mecca. The primary concern of his message was that he was the toward the end in the arrangement of prophets, the last individual that would uncover the celestial truth. Muhammad changed the strict world a lot with a his lone twenty-two years of initiative and administration. He is viewed as the last and most prominent prophet of God by in excess of a couple of Muslim adherents, and it has been anticipated that constantly 2000, one-fourth of the world's by then six billion individuals will call themselves Muslims (Braswell 207). Works Cited Ahmed, Akbar S. From Samarkand to Stornoway Living Islam. Incredible Britain: BBC Books, 1994 Braswell, George W., Jr, Islam: Its Prophet, Peoples, Politics and Power. US of America: Broadman & Holman, 1996 Denny, Frederick Mathewson. An Introduction to Islam. New Jersey: Macmillan, 1985 Esposito, John L. Islam: The Straight Path. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998 Mayer, Ann Elizabeth. Islam Tradition and Politics Human Rights. Colorado: Westview Press, 1995

M-16 :: essays research papers

The improvement of the M16 rifle started with the exploration led at John Hopkins University in September of 1955. Research was led to address infantrymen, who battled in Korea, about their fight encounters as they relate to discharging their weapon. It was discovered that 95% of their terminating was inside 300 yards. Additionally, there were similarly the same number of deadly hits from un-pointed shoots as from pointed ones (it so happens that the vast majority of the met were warriors of the US Army, which may clarify the error). This data drove the military to the decision that a .22 gauge rifle equipped for particular shoot would be generally helpful for current fight strategies. The little gauge gives more control, and particular fire would empower a trooper to all the more likely control their RPM. With this data the military went to Eugene Stoner, a Marine Corps Veteran who began to configuration rifles in the wake of being decommissioned, and inquired as to whether he was keen on planning a weapon dependent on their examination. This was one of the better choices that Uncle Sam made; get a Marine to make a rifle that even Army young men can shoot. The prerequisites for the new weapon were that it needed to weight under 6 pounds stacked, it must be a .22 bore, it must be particular discharge competent and it must have the option to infiltrate a steel protective cap out to 500 meters. The rifle the military was utilizing around that date, the M14, was an overwhelming, .308 bore, specific shoot able rifle. The advantages of an enormous gauge like the .308 NATO, which are longer range and more prominent infiltration, were no,longer required for close battle. The rifle has in reality some significant detriments (other than the way that it weighed about as much as a bike). Because of its huge gauge, when shot in full-programmed mode, the rifle pulls back so a lot, that lone the first or two slugs hit the objective. Besides, the enormous bore implies that the ammo itself is very overwhelming and huge contrasted with a M16 round. This end up being extremely overwhelming for the individual conveying the weapon. Its enormous size and substantial weight make it hard for warriors to use during battle circumstances. The M-14 isn’t all awful, however, it could truly blow somone’s brains out, on the off chance that you could hit him. It was exceptionally well kno wn among warriors because of its incredible unwavering quality, It could be contrasted with an old truck; uproarious, amazing, however damn difficult to live with.

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford GSB and Wharton Release 2015-2016 Deadlines

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford GSB and Wharton Release 2015-2016 Deadlines It is that time of the year again! Schools are beginning to release information concerning the Class of 2018â€"namely, application deadlines and essay questions. This week, Stanford Graduate School of Business and Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania were among the first, while other programs will likely follow suit shortly. Note that Stanford has advanced its Round 1 deadline from last year’s by a few weeksâ€"perhaps they are seeking a cat and mouse game with another top-ranked program, Harvard Business School? Stanford Graduate School of Business Application Deadlines: Round 1: September 22, 2015 Round 2: January 12, 2016 Round 3: April 5, 2016 Decisions Released: Round 1: December 9, 2015 Round 2: March 30, 2016 Round 3: May 11, 2016 Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania Application Deadlines: Round 1: September 29, 2015 Round 2: January 5, 2016 Round 3: March 30, 2016 Decisions Released: Round 1: December 17, 2015 Round 2: March 29, 2016 Round 3: May 3, 2016 Share ThisTweet News Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business) University of Pennsylvania (Wharton)

High School Level Of Education Essay - 1852 Words

The United States has been one of the most innovative countries in the world. Lately, however, there has been controversy regarding the nations innovation compared to other countries. There have been claims that there is not enough science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors or graduates that can suffice the growing number of jobs. What do the STEM majors of the United States have to do with this? There has been a push for increasing STEM majors not only in the college system, but also in the high school level of education. A number of reports have argued that the US is not producing enough STEM graduates to fulfill the number of jobs available. Three reports released within months of each other, Innovate America, Tapping America’s Potential, and Rising Above the Gathering Storm, have been creating debates about whether or not the US education systems need to incorporate more STEM related topics and whether or not there is need to encourage students to purs ue careers in STEM. The purpose behind these report is to raise awareness to the issue that if the US falls behind in STEM, the US will fall behind on innovation and will decrease the impact on our economy and national security. This has led to the United States Congress to conduct and release a report on the education system and how it handles the alleged STEM crisis. The report explains six area of concern including achievement gaps, foreign student enrollment, and teacher quality. None is moreShow MoreRelatedEffective Practices for Infusing Human Rights and Peace Education Middle School and High School Level3877 Words   |  16 PagesWWW.HUMANRIGHTSANDPEACESTORE.ORG Effective Practices for Infusing Human Rights and Peace Education Middle School and High School Level 1. Complete the Needs Assessment: Take the Human Rights Temperature of Your School. A handy tool, developed and distributed by the Human Rights Resource Center at the University of Minnesota, allows students and teachers to discover human rights strengths and pinpoint areas that need a more comfortable temperature. Available in Topic Book 1: Economic SocialRead MoreHigh Degree And The Highest Level Of Schooling1430 Words   |  6 Pagesstrive for the highest level of schooling. When it comes down what people do after high school there’s four things you see; people who don’t go to college at all, people who go to get their associates and go into their career, people who go and get their bachelor’s degree and go into their career, people who go and get their master’s degree and go into their career, then people who go the extra mile and get the highest level degree you can reach, the doctorates degree. School costs money and time,Read MoreThe Education Of The United Nations971 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Education refers to the universal intellect that takes any form of learning in which the knowledge, talents, skills and habits of a society are conveyed from one generation to another. The modes through which education is conveyed include; teaching, research, or training. It often done under the guidance of others but can also be autodidactic. It involves experiences that have a formative effect on how people think, feel, or act. Various stages of education in ascending order are asRead MoreWhat Does The Ideal Education System Look Like?899 Words   |  4 PagesWhat does the ideal education system look like? It is an interesting question. By looking at what the current model of the educational system is lacking can help to produce a clear picture of what the ideal educational system would be. Many people would agree that the current education system has failed to produce positive results. In many ways the current education system does not meet the needs of students. One problem of the current system is that it is a one fits all style of system. It doesRead MoreHigh School Vs. College902 Words   |  4 PagesEducation is a very critical part of a person’s life. There are many levels to education and an abundant amount of students that do not make it to the highest level possible. High school and college are the two main groups that can make or break a person’s education. Between high school and college, there are different requirements and goals needed to succeed. As a student, self-motivation, the value of education, and the responsibilities students must uphold fluctuate among high school and collegeRead MoreHigh School Vs. College908 Words   |  4 PagesIn a person’s life, education is a very critical part and takes an important toll. There are numerous levels of education and an abundant amount of students that do not make it to the highest level possible. High school and college are the two main groups that can make or break a person’s education. Between high school and college, there are different requirements and goals needed to succeed. As a student, self-motivation, the value of education, and the responsibilities students must uphold fluctuateRead MoreInfluence Of Parenting Styles And Practices Globally1302 Words   |  6 Pagesexamine the influence of education on parent’s involvement in raising their children especially outside of school. Quantitative method will be utilized based on the secondary data from national survey of parents. LITERATURE REVIEW Parent education probably began with the first grandmother in the cave telling her daughter how to care for a newly arrived infant. One of the relevant biblical quotes â€Å"Thou shalt teach ... diligently unto thy children† (King James Bible). Education of parents has been partRead MoreThe Types Of Parental Involvement Essay1277 Words   |  6 PagesTypes of Parental Involvement Collective research focusing on family-school partnerships provide an extensive examination of parent involvement. Smith et al., (2011) referred to parent involvement as school, family, and community partnerships for the purpose of shared expectations, responsibilities, interests, and correlating influences of family, school, and community. Epstein’s (2008) framework of parent involvement approached parent involvement typologies from an institutional perspective; theRead MoreThe Importance Of A College Education?1419 Words   |  6 Pages101C Professor A.Pino Nov 13th 2017 The importance of a college education In the period of their high school career, the students shall begin to ask and consider the college education’s importance. The answer is that the accepting college education offers chances to graduates, which are more widespread to those who have the levels of senior high education or less. Most of people understand that they desire to accept a college education, but they do not know why or how it would fulfill their livesRead MoreEssay about Functional Literacy in High School Students1422 Words   |  6 PagesFunctional Literacy in High School Students â€Æ' What is Functional Literacy? Prior to 1985, functional literacy was defined as the ability to read or write in English or another language. Standards for measuring one’s functional literacy have changed numerous times over the decades. In the 1930’s functional literacy meant having three or more years of school. During the WWII era, it meant completing a fourth grade education. The standards increased during the 1960’s. Literacy in this

Gender Labeling And Gender Stereotypes - 1551 Words

Beliefs about the typical attributes of males and females are Gender Stereotypes (Deaux Kite, 1993). Gender labeling is frequently used in global broadcasting to boost characteristics of how a certain people; those in control of the broadcast- view gender roles and how they want society to view them also. Stereotyping is prevalent in popular television shows, music videos, the workforce and various other advertisement billboards in the U.S. It is difficult to oppose the stereotypical behavior that is displayed in the media that supposedly mirrors the actual behaviors of the different genders due to the overflowing, constant reminder of what each gender looks like and how each should act. The article entitled, â€Å"Gendered Media: The Influence of Media on Views of Gender† is about the three themes that influence gender stereotyping. Given the themes, it is revealed that the U.S is a male subjugated culture and that the female is viewed as obscure. The underrepresentation of women is the primary distortion of reality says the author Julia Wood as she states the first of three themes. The second being that the stereotypes were made to depict socially endorsed views of how each role should be based on the cultural influence of the norm. Men are typically regarded as active, exploratory, authoritative, sexually aggressive and somewhat uncomplicated in social relationships. The consistent cultural view of a woman is that of a sex object that is skinny, beautiful, passive,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article Female Chauvinist Pigs By Ariel Levy1260 Words   |  6 PagesHow Labeling Can Leads to Oppression The American patriarchal society has set standards for what it means to be a man or a woman. In an excerpt from Ariel Levy’s book entitled Female Chauvinist Pigs, she argues that some women are attaining success in a male-dominated society by taking on what is perceived as â€Å"male† behavior as she highlights the increased participation of women in â€Å"raunch culture.† Raunch culture seems to be appealing to some women because they are able to use it for self-advancementRead MoreGender Inequality And Its Impact On Children s Developmental Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pagesoverlook gender inequality because race inequality is prevalent and easily recognizable. Like racial inequality; gender inequality is also a real issue in America. Gender stereotypes are perpetuated throughout our lifetime beginning when we are children. Early on, children learn what is means to be a boy or girl from societal standards. Children begin to suffer from the boys versus girlâ€℠¢s mentality which is evident in the social behavior of children. Children’s stereotypical thinking about gender is manifestedRead MoreGender Norms And Female Deviance Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pages2011:10). Thus, gender norms are sometimes seen as limiting, disenfranchising and oppressive. People who are in less-favored or less-accepted norms are sometimes pushed to â€Å"deviate† from the norm in order to achieve some form of â€Å"liberation† from their current roles. This is the first part of Roach Anleu’s claim. That gender stereotypes lead to a certain degree of gender stratification. And for feminist theories, such gender stratification is a cause of deviance. When these gender norms are at workRead MoreThe Battle For Gender Equality1705 Words   |  7 PagesBound by Reality The battle for gender equality has long been a heated issue plaguing men and women all around the world. But what exactly constitutes gender equality, what does it mean to be equal? Why does gender equality matter so much in the first place? After all, are we not all human beings? The issue surrounding gender equality is a complex issue because the concept of gender in itself is a social construction. This makes the notion of gender dynamic and volatile. How one is perceivedRead MoreQueer Theory And Intersex Individuals867 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is lacking in research, but is necessary and has good reason to be included. The link between queer theory and intersex can be analyzed. Intersex individuals may have more difficulty finding fixed and stable identity-categories for themselves. Labeling and queer theory and intersex individuals is also a topic for discourse. Queer Theory Teresa de Lauretis coined queer theory in 1991 (Bell). Queer theory is a set of ideas based around the idea that identities are not fixed and do not determineRead MoreStereotypes : Sexism And Discrimination701 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"Don’t live up to your stereotypes† (Alexie). There are going to be some stereotypes that are false, but you shouldn’t try to change yourself to fit that statement. Sexism and discrimination can come from stereotypes, but they are not true because we are unique in many ways and we can be defined by one label. Stereotypes can be defined as an explained image that creates a meaning for different groups of society, and they impact our society in numerous ways (Stereotype). For example, in an interviewRead MoreStereotypes And Stereotypes Of Gender Stereotypes Essay939 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween which gender was more superior than the other. Males won the battle of the sexes and women had to fight hard for their freedom of equality and right to vote. Even though today women are no longer restricted, like they were once were, they are still unable to achieve their dreams. This is from the gender role-stereotypes. These stereotypes affect their everyday life, school work, and even career choices. Question are often asked about gender stereotypes like ‘Where did these stereotypes first originateRead MoreThe Media And Its Impact On The Entertainment Industry Essay1282 Words   |  6 Pagesdevaluing individuals by labeling them under stereotypes? In order to truly understand the core of such a question, it is important to first define and solidify some key terms. To begin with, what mediums of mass media will be considered in the analysis of this issue? Specifically, I will attempt to highlight the use of gender stereotypes in the form of visual advertisements, such as magazines and television commercials. I will also be considering the use of gender stereotypes in the entertainment industryRead MoreBiological Sex And Gender Roles1073 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent from gender because there is assigned gender which is given to a child at birth and gender identity which is â€Å"a personà ¢â‚¬â„¢s internal sense of being male or female† (127). Additionally, there are gender roles which differ by culture and it presents how a person should behavior, the responsibilities a person should have, and their rights based on their sex. Cultural differences can be seen when comparing Arapesh of New Guinea and the Mundugumor. Arapesh men and women both have feminine gender roles,Read More Media Stereotypes Essay examples1432 Words   |  6 PagesMedia Stereotypes â€Å"Media stereotypes are inevitable, especially in the advertising, entertainment and news industries, which need as wide an audience as possible to quickly understand information. Stereotypes act like codes that give audiences a quick, common understanding of a person or group of people—usually relating to their class, ethnicity or race, gender, sexual orientation, social role or occupation.† Stereotypes are deeply embedded in every society in numerous ways. The dictionary

The Leadership Styles Of Alice Paul - 1774 Words

Prior to the 20th Century, the idea of equal rights or even something similar to equal rights was just a distant thought of a few. The drive towards equal rights was a seed waiting to be planted and once it was, the seed sprouted and became strongly rooted. We of the 21st Century are benefiting from a society established on these roots. A societal change was a result of the sacrifices of past leaders, namely a woman by the name of Alice Paul. Alice Paul was an amazing leader, possessing qualities that all aspiring leaders should try to emulate. By investigating the leadership styles Alice Paul incorporated, we can determine how she was able to influence the movement, the results of her contributions and how the leadership styles are able†¦show more content†¦Alice Paul returned to the United States of America in 1910 where she enrolled in yet another school. She graduated from the University of Pennsylvania where she earned a Ph.D. in sociology. This is one piece of evidence supporting the great leadership that Alice Paul portrayed. She found a cause to identify to and then obtained the needed knowledge and education needed to achieve her goals. After graduating from the University, Paul launched herself into her vocation, becoming a â€Å"full-time† suffragist. Paul then joined National American Woman Suffrage Association which was founded by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony among others. Paul soon realized that the leadership styles employed by these two suffragist leaders did not agree with her personality and so she broke from the group, forming her own. Another piece of evidence, Paul understood herself and so knew what methods would agree with her leadership type and personality, essentially magnifying her impact. Paul then founded the Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage with Lucy Burns. â€Å"In 1916, NAWSA found itself on the conservative side of the movement.† (ocp.hul.harvard.edu) Paul a radical atShow MoreRelatedThe Wome n s Suffrage Movement1535 Words   |  7 Pagesinto moderate and radical factions. Since its founding in 1890, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) had been the leading women’s suffrage organization. However in 1916, growing disillusioned with NAWSA’s moderate style and political theory, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns broke away and formed their own coalition: the National Woman’s Party. It is the purpose of this paper to illustrate that these two organizations, while different in political tactics, were equally effective in securingRead More22 High End Wines of Constellation Brand1689 Words   |  7 Pagesreflect the diversity of Sonoma County – from the foggy Sonoma Coast in the west, cool Carneros in the south, and warm Dry Creek and Alexander Valleys in the north and east. Throughout the winery’s more than 130-year history, Simi has grown under the leadership of outstanding winemakers and incredible vineyards Highest price: Simi Cabernet Sauvignon Reserve, 1974 $243.83 Lowest price: Simi Roseto Rose Wine Sonoma County 2007 750ml, 2007 $5.99 Toasted Head, was first bottled in 1995,Read MoreWhat I Learned in My Leadership Class1577 Words   |  6 PagesBefore this class, I had a very primitive and vague definition of leadership. Not only did I define it as per my views and ideologies, but I also said that each individual has their own definition of leadership. My initial belief was that leadership does not have a clear cut definition, but there were well defined leadership traits which made an individual. I also initially believed that personal traits did not translate into leadership traits with no strong correlation. After going through the variousRead MoreEffects Of Gender On Hiring Practices1665 Words   |  7 Pagesin 1923. This amendment was ratified but failed, to be the 27th amendment on the constitution. It would read as â€Å"Equality of the rights of law under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state of account of sex. Alice Paul wrote this amendment, which was passed beca use they had a deadline that was not suppose to be permitted for a seven years period. It took the a long time for the legislature to ratify or pass this law because they needed three out four states inRead MoreThe Womens Right Movement2439 Words   |  10 Pagespioneers in Congress, but its internal divisions foreshadowed the persistent disagreements among women in Congress and among women’s rights activists after the passage of the 19th Amendment. View Larger Image courtesy of the Library of CongressAlice Paul (second from left), chairwoman of the militant National Woman’s Party, and officers of the group in front of their Washington headquarters, circa 1920s. They are holding a banner emblazoned with a quote from suffragist Susan B. Anthony: No self-respectingRead MoreRemember the Titans2312 Words   |  10 PagesJamie Velez Elizabeth Hughes Paul Way EDUC 268 Remember the Titans - Five Step Analysis Plot Summary In April of 1971, the United States Supreme Court issued a ruling that ended all stateimposed segregation in public schools. This was the same year that T. C. Williams High School located in Alexander Virginia was integrated. This is the setting for the movie Remember the Titans, staring Denzel Washington who portrays Herman Boone the head coach of the Titans. Herman Boone is brought in asRead MoreOrganizational Behavior, Mintzbergs Managers3841 Words   |  16 Pagesthe leadership styles of top management using Mintzberg’s managerial roles. Mintzerg named ten different roles, all separated into three categories. The first category is interpersonal. This includes figurehead, leader, and liason. The second category is informational which includes monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson. The last category is decisional which includes entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator. These roles are all used in the leadership styles ofRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By James Weldon Johnson Essay1885 Words   |  8 Pagesimmediately put together a rebuttal aimed at Washington’s insulting actions titled, Souls of Black Folk. Often times, W. E. B. Du Bois used the phrase, â€Å"It was the duty of the â€Å"talented tenth† to educate the masses of black Americans by providing leadership after Re construction† (DuBois 884). Although, Washington’s intentions were to bring the people â€Å"blacks† up from poverty by giving them a trade to live off. In retrospect, having a skilled trade would increase the motivation and give the men aRead MoreHis 204: American History Since 1865 Essay2139 Words   |  9 PagesHarvard. â€Å"Even for women who did attain a diploma, there was little that they could do with it professionally once they graduated, unless they had basic clerical skills or sought work as a teacher† (Bowles, 2011). It was during this time skirts and hair styles began to get shorter and women began to wear makeup. It was also during this time that women began smoking. â€Å"Typically, the only women who smoked worked in brothels, but by the second decade of the 20th century, smoking represented an act of defianceRead MoreLeading Change with the 5-P Model : Complexing the Swan and Dolphin Hotels at Walt Disney World9068 Words   |  37 Pa geschanging business conditions. Whether implementing a major change such as installing an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system within a global organization, or a relatively minor one such as implementing a new procedure within a single department, leadership of the change process is an increasingly valued managerial skill (Kouzes and Posner 1995). While some propose that the management of change is a specialized competency of people in organizational development or human resources (Ulrich 1997), it

Walmart - Business Management Case Study - Click to Get Solution

Question: Describe about a Case study of Walmart? Answer: Executive summary: This report includes the business management process of Walmart. It is an American based multinational retail corporation that offers extensive ranges of products within various countries of world. It also operates its business activities by taking the strategy of merger and acquisition. It operates its business operation within many countries of Europe, Asia by merging some medium company. The Slogan of the company is Save money, live better. Main motto of this company is to help the customers in order to save the money by purchasing products from Walmart. Innovative thinking and the service of the leadership has helped this company for sustaining the growth within the market. This retail company of America offers extensive ranges of products, like cell phones, electronic products, clothing products, various health related products, equipment for exercising, ornaments, television sets, video games and many items. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with several companies of retail business in those operating countries. It also operates its effective business activities by taking the advantage of online medium. It offers ecommerce website for operating business activities. . Walmart operates its effective business operation within 11,000 stores under 71 banners among 21 countries of World. Apart from this, there are e-commerce websites within 11 countries. Main aim of Walmart is to help the customers in order to save the money and live more happily. On the other hand, it can be analyzed that financial position of the company is more or less good. The share price of this company is not so high. However, the forward price of Walmart is effective. However, this company has also offered extensive business operation with different countries. It mainly takes the strategy of mergers and acquisition in order to operate effective business within the global market. At the first year of operation, Walmart has started its first store in America. After that, gradually Walmart opened various stores and other operations in countries of Latin America, Europe. Walmart has also started its effective business operation within the developing countries, like India, some countries of Africa etc. Apart from doing business, this company also engages with different activities of corporate social responsibility within the countries where it operates its business globally. Walmart has taken initiative to help those poor people by operating some activities of corporate social responsibility. 1.0. Introduction: This report contains a detail analysis of Walmart. This is a multinational company that operates its business activity within the international market sector. It is an America based retail corporation that operates a chain of departments and warehouses stores within the international market. This study includes detail analysis of the products of the firms, industry and competitive position of this company within the international market. This report also contains the level of foreign operations of this company within the international market. It also includes the ratio analysis of the financial data. 1.1. Background of the company: Walmart is an American multinational retail company. First store of this company was opened Rogers (1962). Sam Walton is the founder of this company. Main motto of this company is to help the customers in order to save the money by purchasing products from Walmart. Innovative thinking and the service of the leadership has helped this company for sustaining the growth within the market. Walmart has operated its business within many countries of world. It is a multinational company. It offers huge ranges of different products through retail outlets as well as online medium under the product branding strategy. Slogan of the company is Save money, live better. Figure 1: Logo of the company (Source: www.walmart.com, 2015) Firstly, it has opened its store in United States. However, it has expanded its business within the international level. It also operates its effective business within online medium by using e-commerce websites. Customers can also access the Walmart stores from cell phones. It has become an International business company in the year of 1991. It operates its business within 26 countries outside United States. It also has 6,100 stores at international level. Therefore, the international business scenario of Walmart is increasing gradually. Apart from doing business, this company also engages with different activities of corporate social responsibility within the countries where it operates its business globally. This company always tries to meet the needs and demands of the customers of different countries as because every country has different value and choice and socio economic condition. Walmart also operates business within some third world countries. Therefore, Walmart has made th e initiative to meet the expectations and demands of the countries (Diva-portal.org, 2015). 1.2. Products of the firm: This retail company of America offers extensive ranges of products, like cell phones, electronic products, clothing products, various health related products, equipment for exercising, ornaments, television sets, video games and many items. This company serves a huge variety of products within the international market. Walmart stores offer some store brands. Store brands are related to some line of products. As stated by, Toor (2014) store brands can be recognized as a line of products those are branded by the retailer within the brand identity of the company. This can be refereed as product branding or house branding. There are some brands of products. Therefore, Sams choice, Great Value, Equate, Mainstays, Dr. Thunder, Special Kitty, White Stag, George are the name of the brands of Walmart. Therefore, this retail company offers various products under different name. This process can be called as product branding strategy. Walmart therefore offers in-stores and online facility to the customers. Customers can shop from the online store and as well as traditional retail stores of Walmart. This company claims that they help the customers in order to save money by shopping through retail stores, online medium and mobile devices of the customers. Walmart operates its effective business operation within 11,000 stores under 71 banners among 21 countries of World. Apart from this, there are e-commerce websites within 11 countries. Main aim of Walmart is to help the customers in order to save the money and live more happily (Tomlin, 2014). Moreover, customers have demanded for environmentally responsible products to the Walmart. For this growing demand of customers, Walmart has started to take initiative in order to provide a Sustainable Product Index Program in 2009. The goal of this company is to examine the supply chain and create an index that will help in ranking the products as per the measure of the impacts of environment. The demand of environmental friendly goods has increased within the customers. They are demanding more effective and efficient as well as sustainable products from Walmart. For this reason, This Company has taken initiatives. Customers also have the demand about the information of the entire lifecycles of the product (Walmart.com, 2015). 1.3. Business industry: Walmart operates its effective business within retail sector. This retail industry is the fastest growing market within the competitive market. Especially in United States, United Kingdom the business of retail has been increased a more. The retail industry has also grabbed its position within the countries of third world. Developing countries also are engaging with this retail industry. As defined by, Ang (2014), retail industry offers all types of products within an umbrella of a company. Customers can find all types of products from this retail sector. At the very beginning, retail business was dominated by the small target store. However, with the changing face of time multinational conglomerates has also taken over the business operation of the company. However, multinational conglomerates of retail have taken initiative in order to set up the huge distribution chains, management system as well as effective and wide marketing plans. However, segments of retail industry can be categorized by two major divisions. Those are, hard and soft. Hard retail therefore involves electronics, furniture, sporting products etc. On the other hand, soft retail industry involves by clothing, fabrics etc. Walmart is a multinational conglomerate of retail industry and it offers both hard and soft products (Ushakov Arkhipov,2014). Every retailer tries to make differences in the strategy of their business operation. Their strategy of business operation is very important in order to sustain within the industry. There are different types of retailers. Some companies operate retail business by operating department stores. Department stores refer to very large stores who offer wide variety of products and services. Some companies also offer huge variety of products and services by giving discount on products. This is the main competitive factor of these types of companies. There can be Demographic types of retail business. Demographic retailers focus only upon a particular segment of product or service (Cox et al. 2013). Therefore, Walmart operates business by operating sale by departmental store and discount store. 1.4. Competitive position of the company within the market: Walmart has achieved a good position within the competitive market. Walmart has achieved a secured place within the market. Market share of Walmart was 65.4% in 2012 within the U.S market of retail industry. Target and Kmart are two main competitors of Walmart in the retail sector of America (). The market share of Walmart has increased a lot. On the other hand, e-commerce market share of Walmart has also been increased. Main competitors of Walmart are Kmart, Target in American market. These two supermarket chains of United States also offer products and services at a very low cost. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with these retail companies in order to sustain within the competitive market sector. However, in U.K market sector, main competitors of Walmart are Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys etc. The retail industry is increasing within the retail market of United Kingdom. Therefore, Walmart has to compete with several retail companies in U.K. Therefore, Walmart can be stated as the largest retailer of the world. However, the online activity and ecommerce of Walmart is also increased a lot. Therefore, Amazon is positioned first in the process of operating business through online activity. Therefore, Walmart is following Amazon for operating the online activity within the market. Therefore, Walmart also has competed in the ecommerce activity within different market share of several retail companies. However, Walmart has maintained a secured position than other retailers within the market. Walmart has tried to maintain its effective warehouse operation of its own. Walmart has also situated its stores in small areas and towns. At the very beginning of its journey Walmart has situated different stores within some areas where no competitors have entered. Walmart operates some discount stores. Those discount stores provide products at 10-15% lower than other traditional as well as conventional stores of the exiting market (Bhandarker, 2014). Therefore, (Brijs (2013) analyzed that, the process of store-operation of Walmart is also very effective rather than other competitors of the market. Walmart has maintained a structure of sales that offers $300 sales per square fit. On the other hand, the amount of sales per square fit is $209 of Target and $209 of Kmart. Walmart therefore spent 1.5% for the information system of discount stores. It is comparatively higher than other competitors of the market. Walmart therefore utilizes effective technology in order to decrease the inventory cost. This process also helps Walmart to increase the sale within the competitive market. Therefore, diversification of the products of Walmart is very effective that helps to sustain in the competitive market. 1.5. Financial performance of the company: As stated by, Hill et al. (2013) Walmart has an impressive attributes as well as track record for sustainable growth. It offers an accurate balance sheet. The share price of this company is not so high. However, the forward price of Walmart is effective. DRAG analysis of Walmart therefore shows the growth rate of this company. The share of Walmart will be high by 20-25%. On the other hand, the share of Walmart stores stays effective for all time. Wal-Mart Industry Analysis Industry Beta 0.98 Stock Beta 0.45 10 Year EPS Std Dev 7.5% Industry Score 3/3 Figure: Drag analysis of Walmart (Source: Stoichev, 2014, pp-309) Therefore, Walmart serves a lot as an effective retail store. The shares of Walmart always exhibit the below-average beta. Figure : Beta analysis of Walmart (Source: Yang Chen, 2014, pp-23) On the other hand, Joshi Pande (2014) argued that, in the fiscal year of 2014, Walmart could not achieve earnings per share. Wal-Mart Competitive Position Analysis Gross Margin 24.8% Operating Margin 5.5% Return on Assets 7.6% Return on Invested Capital 12.9% Competitive Position Score 2/3 Figure: Analysis of Competitive position of Walmart (Source: Pantano, 2014, pp-340) 1.6. Level of foreign operations: At the very beginning, Walmart has located its first store in United States. Gradually, this company has taken the initiative to operate at foreign as well as international level. At the year of 1995, Walmart has located its stores in three over populated countries of Latin America. Mexico, Brazil and Argentina were three countries where Walmart has grabbed the position within the market. In Mexico, Walmart has started joint ventures also. In the year 1996, Walmart entered into the market of China. In 2009, this company also opens 40 new outlets in various states of China. In 2006, Walmart has opened approx 73 stores within 36 cities. However, Walmart has begun its operation in Europe by 1998. In Europe, Walmart had to face some troubles in this region in order to operate most effective business (). Here, Walmart has faced trouble for poor location. Walmart had to compete with large supermarket of Europe, like Aldi, Lidi etc. However, Walmart has overcome these troubles by taking strategic decision. On the other hand, Walmart has acquired ASDA Group PLC for entering the market of United Kingdom. For this case, Walmart has taken the strategy of merger and acquisition. It had to compete with major chains of supermarkets in U.K. In 2002, it has also taken the initiative of mergers and acquisition in order to enter into the Japanese market. Walmart has only one store in India. Therefore, it has been shown that, Walmart often takes the strategy of mergers in order to operate business within global sector (). Conclusion: This report has discussed the process of business management of Walmart. Walmart is an American retail conglomerate that operates a chain of departments and warehouses stores within various countries of World. Therefore, this report has analyzed the condition of retail industry as well as position of the company within the market. This report has also discussed about the financial position of Walmart. Reference list: Books Ang, S. (2014). Research design for business management. Los Angeles: SAGE. Brijs, B. (2013). Business analysis for business intelligence. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Stephens, D. (2013). The retail revival. Mississauga, Ont.: Wiley. Hill, C., Cronk, T., Wickramasekera, R. (2013). Global business today. North Ryde, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Cox, H., Clegg, J., Ietto-Gillies, G. (2013). The growth of global business. London: Routledge. Journals: Bhandarker, A. (2014). Changing Business Context: Challenges and Opportunities: Dialogue with Thought Leaders. Global Business Review, 15(3), 611-621. doi:10.1177/0972150914535146 Dhamija, S. (2014). Book Review: Arindam Banerjee, Management Essentials: A Recipe for Business Success. Global Business Review, 15(4 Suppl), 107S-109S. doi:10.1177/0972150914550130 Joshi, G., Pande, S. (2014). It's not all perfection at Paradise Retail. Hum Res Mgt Intl Digest, 22(1), 26-28. doi:10.1108/hrmid-01-2014-0010 Kitchin, P. (2014). Global Sport Business: Community Impacts of Commercial Sport. Managing Leisure, 19(6), 461-463. doi:10.1080/16184742.2014.964576 Pantano, E. (2014). Innovation drivers in retail industry. International Journal Of Information Management, 34(3), 344-350. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2014.03.002 Rao, M. (2014). Book Review: Julian Randall and Allan J. Sim, Managing People at Work. Global Business Review, 15(3), 625-627. doi:10.1177/0972150914535149 Richomme-Huet, K., Vial, V. (2014). Business Lessons From a Mompreneurs  Network. Global Business And Organizational Excellence, 33(4), 18-27. doi:10.1002/joe.21550 Stoichev, K. (2014). The Role of Business Continuity Management in the Business Management System. SJBM, 2(3), 97. doi:10.11648/j.sjbm.20140203.12 Tomlin, B. (2014). Managing supply-demand risk in global production: Creating cost-effective flexible networks. Business Horizons, 57(4), 509-519. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2014.03.010 Toor, T. (2014). Competitive analysis of a contact lens market. Strategic Direction, 30(7), 34-37. doi:10.1108/sd-05-2014-0064 Ushakov, D., Arkhipov, A. (2014). Urban Business Systems' Globalization: Factors, Forms and Economic Impact. Research Journal Of Business Management, 8(3), 189-202. doi:10.3923/rjbm.2014.189.202 Walmart.com,. (2015). Walmart. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.walmart.com Witte, M., Williams, R. (2013). Duopolists Retail Pricing Behavior in Multiple Markets. Journal Of Industry, Competition And Trade, 14(1), 67-81. doi:10.1007/s10842-013-0162-0 Wu, T. (2014). Harvesting analysis of a discrete competitive system. Advances In Difference Equations, 2014(1), 241. doi:10.1186/1687-1847-2014-241 Yang, Y., Chen, J. (2014). A Competitive Strategy Analysis on China's Emerging Mobile TV Industry. International Journal Of Innovation In The Digital Economy, 5(2), 1-13. doi:10.4018/ijide.2014040101  Ã‚ , ., , . (2014). Competitive environment analysis of forwarding companies in container transportation sector. TAPR, 6(3(20), 20. doi:10.15587/2312-8372.2014.31643 Websites: Diva-portal.org,. (2015). Simple search. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.diva-portal.org Londoninternational.ac.uk,. (2015). University of London International Programmes. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.londoninternational.ac.uk Saylor.org,. (2015). Saylor Academy. Retrieved 18 February 2015, from https://www.saylor.org

Oliver Cromwell free essay sample

Oliver Cromwell: A Visionary Among Parliamentarians Due: January 11, 2013 6 Oliver Cromwell rose from his humble heritage in English society to become the Lord Protector of England, Scotland, and Ireland, the first and only man without royal blood to do so. His played a prominent role in bringing about the trial and beheading of King Charles I; he took control of the Parliaments professional Army and went forth on the most cruel military action England had ever undertaken against the neighbouring nations; and he accomplished a level of religious freedom that had been unaccepted in England for the past hundred years. Oliver Cromwell was indeed a unique leader, one who wanted what was best for his fellow countrymen and completely devoted himself to his life as a Parliamentarian. Oliver Cromwell should be judged by history for his actions as a visionary who championed Parliamentarian values. Everything Cromwell did was what he believed to be in the best interest of England and its people. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Cromwell or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oliver Cromwell supported the Parliament and continued to be an active member of it even though King Charles I had distanced himself from the Parliament and was ruling according to his own will with no regard to the law. Cromwell had played a substantial role in the execution of King Charles I, not because he entertained any selfish ideas concerning Charles throne, but because he truly believed England would be better off without the trouble-causing head of state. Through this, he taught the people the fundamental value of holding their rulers accountable. [1] Cromwell also helped to form the New Model Army. The New Model Army was a professional army formed in a sense by the people for the people. Social class had no worth in the Army, all men were equal and were recruited according to ability, not wealth or social status. 2] Cromwell was well known for his aptitude for military tactics and strategies; he lead his regiment, the Ironsides, to victory in every battle they fought. He fought to protect England from invaders, from the disputing neighbours, Scotland and Ireland, and also to keep 6 the order of government he believed would work best for both the upper and lower class of citizens. Cromwell u sed the authority given to him as the Lord Protector in an attempt to reform the people of England, in what he called â€Å"Godly reformation†. Cromwell devised a programme designed to cleanse the people of their sinful habits such as drinking, immorality and general trouble-making. [3] He was a man who sought to give England â€Å"not what they want, but what is good for them. †[4] Oliver Cromwell was not the sort of man to support a ruling of the Parliament and then sit back and hope it was carried through; he personally ushered in the end of the English Civil War by defeating an uprising of Charles II supporters in 1650 amp; 1651. Despite continued opposition throughout his years, Cromwell did not back down or leave the public to fend for themselves, instead he led them ceaselessly until there was peace once more among the countries. The definition of a visionary is someone who acts bravely in support of an idea, despite all odds and then popularizes it. [5] An example of Cromwell having done this was with the proposal of overthrowing Charles I, as Cromwell was a big contributor to that final decision, not merely because of his voiced support but also the leading effect he had on people. They were prone to following his lead, not only because he was a very influential and intelligent man, but also because he was not afraid of changing tradition and he constantly had Englands best interests in mind. During his lifetime, Oliver Cromwell successfully served England as a Member of the Long Parliament, as the New Model Armys leader and as their Lord Protector. Oliver Cromwells strong Puritan beliefs lent an extremist edge to his decisions and actions during his life, however, faith did not hold superiority over his Parliamentarian contributions. Cromwell may have held fast to the Puritan religion, but it did not keep him from being a fierce and merciless soldier on the battlefield, fighting for the Parliaments professional Army. Cromwell was born 6 a commoner of humble beginnings but achieved his respect and lofty position in the Long Parliament due to his rise through the military until he was Commander-in-Chief of the New Model Army, in which he aided the recruitment and command. He also created and led the formidable cavalry force called â€Å"the Ironsides†, who were reputed for their courage and strength in battles and remained undefeated . He was convinced that he and his Ironsides were doing the will of God, and accordingly attributed all of their victories on the battlefield to the glory of God. Regarding the Battle of Marston Moor, Cromwell is recorded to have said in a letter to his brother-in-law â€Å"truly England and the Church of God hath had a great favour from the Lord, in this great victory given us, such as the like never was since this war began. †[6] Cromwell preferred his soldiers to be of the same religious beliefs as himself as he enlisted them, although many of his men would become Puritans while in the service of the New Model Army under Cromwells leadership. In a letter to his nephew, Colonel Valentine Walton, on July 5, 1644, Cromwell spoke of his unfaltering loyalty to the Parliament and his desire to see due authority to be granted to the Members of Parliament: We study the glory of God, and the honour and liberty of parliament, for which we unanimously fight, without seeking our own interests I profess I could never satisfy myself on the justness of this war, but from the authority of the parliament to maintain itself in its rights; and in this cause I hope to prove myself an honest man and single-hearted. 7] Cromwell sought what he called â€Å"liberty of conscience†; a range of freedom granted to the various Protestant groups in England to practice their faith in peace, not being bothered by anyone and to not be a bother to anyone themselves. [8] For the past hundred years, England had not tolerated any sort of people with differing religious backgrounds to populate its land, but in 1657, Cromwell established the religious a cceptance of Jews so that they were once again able to live within Englands borders and he 6 encouraged their immigration. 9] It was well known amongst the people around Cromwell that he was a man who lived by his faith, who promoted Puritanism to others and changed the principles of the Parliament that differed with what he believed in. However, Cromwell was quick to take action on Parliamentarian business when needed, his motions to change the Church and such other endeavours temporarily forgotten as he was sent out on political business. As England prepared for a fully launched civil war, Oliver Cromwell was one of the MPs who was sent out to places such as Huntingdon nd Elys to recruit men â€Å"for the defence of the realm†. [10] Oliver Cromwell may have been a very strictly religious man who wanted to serve God in everything he did, but his real ambition was to see the Parliament granted the authority it deserved and to improve the laws the people lived by. Oliver Cromwell was a very authoritative and influential figure in his time, and became to the people â€Å"a king in everything but name†, although he was never truly their â€Å"King†. Cromwell served England as their Lord Protector, yet he refused the offer to become the next King of England on multiple occasions. 11] Cromwell was a solid supporter of the execution of King Charles I, once he realized that Charles had gone too far from the Parliament to be reasoned with. Cromwell later defeated and exiled the heir to the throne, Charles I I, thus leaving England without their traditional monarch. Having said this, it should be understood that Cromwell was not against the monarchy; he had wished to replace the late Charles I with one of his sons but none proved to be suitable. The original heir, Charles II, was not crowned the next king as the young prince had taken up an allegiance with the Scots and attempted to invade England. 12] On March 17, 1649, not long after the execution of Charles I, the Long Parliament passed an act stating that the monarchy had been terminated, thus making England a 6 Commonwealth and free state, and also promoting the Rump Parliament and Council State to the position of being the overriding authority of the nation. [13] For the five years during which Oliver Cromwell held the title of Lord Protector, he ultimately had the ability to make laws and govern the people as he saw fit. He wished for the government to work smoothly and in co-ordinance with one another, but had no patience for th ose that did not. Oliver Cromwell had the Rump Parliament disassembled on April 20,1653, with these words; â€Å"You have sat here too long for the good you do. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go! †[14] The responsibilities and influence once held by the Rump Parliament were handed over to the Barebones Parliament; the Nominated Assembly that Cromwell constituted in July of 1653. The members of this Parliament were selected for their religious spirit and open-mindedness and were expected to bring uprightness into the Commonwealth. [15] His influence over the New Model Army as a definite contributing factor to Cromwells position as Lord Protector. Cromwell faced his share of opposition against his restrictions on drinking and merrymaking, and often had to resort to using military force to carry out his laws as he did not have the ultimate authority of punishment that a King would have. Oliver Cromwell was the king-like figure of England, but he never accepted th e crown nor the title of King of England. Oliver Cromwell accomplished much during his time as a politician and Member of the Long Parliament, the colonel of Englands first Parliamentarian army, and in the resurrected position of Lord Protector. He was a key figure in the English Civil War and in the regicide of King Charles I, and then took the full responsibilities of ruling the country without a king to lead them. Cromwell should be viewed by history as a visionary who achieved much for the sake of England and against all odds championed the Parliamentarian values. Bibliography Halsall, Paul. †Oliver Cromwell: A letter to his brother-in-law after the Battle of Marston Moore. 1644† Modern History Sourcebook. 9 January 2013. http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/1644cromwell-marston. asp Morrill, John. â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†. BBC History. 7 January 2013. http://www. bbc. co. k/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01. shtml Author Unknown. â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†. Heritage History. 8 January 2013. http://www. heritage-history. com/www/heritage. php? Dir=charactersamp;FileName=cromwell2. php Phillips, Charles. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Royal Britain. Leicestershire, Hermes House, Anness Publishing Ltd, 2006: 150 + Plant, David. â€Å"Biography of Oliver Cromwell. † British Commonwealth and Civil Wars. 2 January 2013. http://www. british-civil-wars. co. uk/biog/oliver-cromwell. htm Trueman, Chris. â€Å"The New Model Army†. History Learning Site. 5 January 2013. http://www. historylearningsite. co. k/new_model_army. htm Author Unknown. â€Å"The Rump Dissolved. † www. parliment. uk. 5 January 2013. http://www. parliament. uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/parliamentaryauthority/civilwar/overview/rump-dissolved/ [ 1 ]. John Morrill, â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†, BBC History. (February 17, 2011) http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01. shtml [ 2 ]. Chris Trueman, â€Å"The New Model Army†, History Learning Site. http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/new_model_army. htm [ 3 ]. â€Å"Cromwell and Religion†, The Cromwell Association. 2001-2005 http://www. olivercromwell. rg/cromwell_and_religion. htm [ 4 ]. â€Å"Quotes of Olive r Cromwell†, The Cromwell Association. 2001-2005 http://www. olivercromwell. org/quotes1. htm [ 5 ]. Dictionary. com, â€Å"Visionary†, http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/visionary? s=t [ 6 ]. Paul Halsall, â€Å"Modern History Sourcebook†, (July 1998) http://www. fordham. edu/halsall/mod/1644cromwell-marston. asp [ 7 ]. Wikiquote, â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†, http://en. wikiquote. org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell#Quotes_about_Cromwell [ 8 ]. â€Å"Cromwell and Religion†, The Cromwell Association, 2005 http://www. olivercromwell. org/cromwell_and_religion. htm [ 9 ]. â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†, Heritage History, 2007-2012 ttp://www. heritage-history. com/www/heritage. php? Dir=charactersamp;FileName=cromwell2. php [ 10 ]. John Morrill, â€Å"Oliver Cromwell†, BBC History. (February 17, 2011) http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/cromwell_01. shtml [ 11 ]. David Plant, â€Å"Biography of Oliver Cromwell†, British Civi l Wars and Commonwealth, http://www. british-civil-wars. co. uk/biog/oliver-cromwell. htm [ 12 ]. Ibid. [ 13 ]. Charles Phillips, â€Å"Commonwealth and Protectorate†, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Royal Britain. (Anness Publishing Ltd. 2006, 2011) 154 [ 14 ]. Ibid. , 154. [ 15 ]. www. parliament. uk,

First Grade TECHNOLOGY Essays - Smart Devices, Distance Education

First Grade TECHNOLOGY Essays - Smart Devices, Distance Education First Grade TECHNOLOGY Technology The amount of technology that is used for teaching at a first grade level is phenomenal. In the first grade class I observed they used technology in almost every subject studied. Technology was used in English, Spelling, Science, Social Studies, Mathematics and Art. These children are more technologically literate than many adults that I know. One of the first technologies I encountered in the classroom was the computer based instruction center. At this center the children could pick from a range of programs used to teach spelling, math, science or social studies. At times the students were allowed to choose their own field of study and at other times they were directed to a specific topic such as science or social studies. The website we used was called brainpop.com and there was specific lessons available covering the holidays and the winter season. We would play a movie online and the kids would listen through headphones while cartoon figures told the story of Thanksgiving and the pilgrims or some similar story. A CD play with two sets of headphones was another use of technology in the classroom. Students would do a guided reading using reading books to follow along with a narration of the story. Although this technology isn?t exactly ground breaking the students really seemed to enjoy learning to read when guided by th e narrator. The most impressive technology used was the SMART board. The SMART board is a large interactive whiteboard developed by SMART technologies. The SMART board uses a PC and a projector to display on a whiteboard which acts as a huge touch screen. The interactive whiteboard accepts touch input from a finger, pen, or the keyboard. In our class the students practiced spelling, math and writing using the SMART board. This technology is very new to this class so Mrs. Friedrich was still learning the capabilities of it but the possibilities are huge. Plus the SMART board was definitely the favorite of the class. The interactive features kept the children?s interest although there was quite a bit of playing done. The SMART board is still new enough to the children to be exciting whereas the computer is now just

The measurement tecniques of Particulate Matter2.5 (PM2.5) Essay

The measurement tecniques of Particulate Matter2.5 (PM2.5) - Essay Example An earlier research has shown a relationship between hydrogen and a trace element (ANSTO, 2003). For analyzing these suspended particulate matters, these particles have to be collected as per a standard procedure and thereafter have to be investigated. For analyzing the nature of these suspended particles especially PM2.5 various analytical techniques are used. Analytical techniques such as particle induced X-ray emission or particle induced gamma ray emission; IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography are used for finding the elements, inorganic compounds and organic compounds respectively (Measurement methods, 2007). In the present study a literature search has been carried out to study the impact of bushfires on our environment and the examples of Australia and Singapore bush fires has been covered. A brief introduction of PM2.5 has also been covered. A few analytical instruments utilized by the various environmental protection agencies have been studied with respect to their advantages in bushfires. The through principles of the instrument techniques were also studied and a conclusion of the study has been made. The most common measurement in air quality is the concentration of suspended particles in it and is reported as the PM index. ... PM10 (where the total concentration of all particles having diameter less than 10 m) are being monitored by various government agencies in many countries such as US, Canada (Baird, 2005). Many government agencies are also looking for monitoring fine suspended particles having diameter less than 2.5 m, as these are within the respirable range and can penetrate deep into the lungs. US EPA specification for PM 2.5 US EPA National Ambient Air Quality standards (NAAQS) have set standards for particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10. For PM2.5 it has set an annual average of 15 g/m3 with a 24 hour standard of 65g/m3 and for PM10 an annual average of 50 g/m3 with a 24-hour standard of 150 g/m3 (ANSTO, 2003). A short term US EPA NAAQS standard for air borne particulate matter is given in Table-1. As many countries still do not have their own specifications for PM2.5, most of the countries follow US EPA guidelines. Sampling of Particulate Matters: It is really difficult to collect a representative sample especially from a bushfire. However the sample should be collected from multiple locations so that the analysis gives more prcis and meaningful results. The sample collected from different part can either be mixed or separate analysis can be carried out. There are various methods involved for collecting particulate matters. A few methods are summarized below. a) Filter cups: Filters are the simplest way of collecting particulate matters. Aerosol sample is passed through a set of filters at a controlled rate so that a specific particulate matters are collected through a specific filter. These filter papers are cellulose, glass fiber, teflon or a combination of materials (Thompson, 1998). b) Cyclones:

Internship report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internship report - Assignment Example the company, I was holding the position of jvs preparation and filing, payment request preparation, payroll and employee benefit, petty cash controlling as well as preparation of P&L preparation on monthly basis. In this, the company, under the supervision of Hashim Al Shuaili, ensured that I was fully trained in these areas. This made me gain tremendous experience needed in the employment sector. Other than the experience, I also made several networks in the company. I was introduced to several departments and made several contacts with different personnel. This is an important leverage when it comes to job seeking. This has ensured that I have an edge in the job market. In addition to the above, the internship with the Modern Jozze Company made me apply classroom knowledge in the positions I was assigned. This ensured that I applied the skills gained in classroom into a real world setting. This was very important in proving my worth in the positions that I was assigned. The internship has made me develop professional behavioral and social skills. This is due to increased interactions with different individuals as well as customers. As such, I have been able to get a head start on classroom learning through working as an intern at Modern Jozze

Legal and regulatory environment that influenced the Internet Essay Example for Free

Legal and regulatory environment that influenced the Internet Essay The internet is a dynamic field which is a product of several influences, which at times are contradictory. The constitutions of several countries were created before the advent of the internet, the need to create and amend laws and regulations governing the internet have influenced the internet. However, two major issues that have been of legal and regulatory contention are privacy and security; this is because privacy seems to be conversely related with security. The internet has made it possible for detailed personal information to be easily availed and shared, this has however infringed on the personal rights of privacy, according to Frackman, et al. (2002), several acts such as Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, Childrens Online Privacy Protection Act, Fair Credit Reporting Act and the Federal Trade Commission Act have influenced immensely the internet since firms have to comply with the provisions of the Acts on all the personal information they collect ,and the personal information availed as content in the internet, since availing much information infringes of personal rights . However the issues of electronic commerce, cyber crime, network and state security, intellectual property rights, consumer rights and exchange of credit information have called for sharing of more information on the internet. Laws and regulations, such as Protecting Cyberspace as a National Asset Act of 2010, have called for extensive sharing of personal information on the internet, due to security concerns which in essence contradicts the objective of privacy. The privacy and security legal and regulatory environment have therefore greatly influenced the Internet. Explain how Dell initially used software and the Internet to increase sales and yield cost savings Dell is an international company offering computing services and products. Facing increasing costs in product distribution, the company founded the Integrated Dell Desktop (IDD); this offers simple desktop functionality to sales representatives, who are connected together via the internet. The system offers the clients the possibility of ordering bespoke systems directly from hence eliminating the middle men, therefore saving costs; this has been made possible by the company’s website dell. com and call centres. Dell was able to increase sales due to increased customer satisfaction, as a result of customers having the product of their selection. IDD also saved costs for dell, and improved profit for the company as well as offering competitive strategic advantage since the sales personnel were empowered to get any relevant information , since all the back end systems were integrated. In addition, the company was also to save on personnel costs, costs on offering training to the sales representatives were reduced as well as customers being able to get all the relevant information concerning the products from the website. Moreover, storage costs were reduced since the machines were produced depending on the customers’ customization and shipped to customer. IDD and the internet have therefore contributed to reducing costs and increasing sales at Dell.

Growth and Maturity in To Kill a Mockingbird Essay -- essays research

Building Blocks of Growth and Maturity In To Kill a Mockingbird Throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, many characters develop and mature in unique ways. Boo, who fears talking to others, Aunt Alexandra, who is against people of other races or social classes, and Scout, who is young and is not aware of life’s challenges, constantly suppress their emotions and personality. Their life choices and decisions that they make throughout the book, lead them to be more accepting of others and less prejudice. As the book progresses, Boo, Aunt Alexandra, and Scout learn life lessons and develop into mature adults. Boo Radley’s maturity is depicted in the novel when he overcomes his fear and interacts with Scout, Jem and Dill. Boo, who is notorious for being a recluse, is a shy, lonely man who rarely leaves his house and does not understand the world around him. However, when he finally comes to interact with the children, he matures both mentally and socially. One example of when Boo matured physically was when Boo rescued Jem from Mr. Ewell. Boo finally found his inner strength and decided to enter the woods and save Jem. By doing this, he demonstrated that he learned to overcome his fear and be around others. A second example is when Boo laughed at Scout, Jem and Dill. When Boo laughed, the author does not tell us the type of laugh. â€Å"Through all the head-shaking, quelling of nausea and Jem-yelling, I had heard another sound, so low I could not have heard it from the sidewalk. Someone inside the house was laughing† (Pg.41). The laugh could have a variety of different implications. The laugh could be foreshadowing that Boo will come out of his house and talk with Scout, Dill, and Jem.... ...st in school by learning about Hitler and the horrible historical events that have happened in the world. Her maturity is expressed by what she has learned about the world around her and can apply those things to her every day life. Moreover, Scout has matured greatly in the novel and she has learned many lessons about life, family, and womanhood. Over all, the characters in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee have grown and matured throughout the whole novel. Boo’s maturity development is shown when he faces his fear of being with the outside world, Aunt Alexandra having some difficulties facing prejudice but, becoming more accepting of others, and Scout developing and learning lessons that she could apply to her everyday life. It shows that no matter whom the person is or what their troubles are, they all grow and mature in their own unique ways.

Colleges should provide as much money for sports

In todays generation book is not the only knowledge which is enough for practical life, practical knowledge is equally important as the knowledge which we get from books. In context of Nepal schools and colleges don't seem to provide as much money for sports activities as they provide for libraries. Many people think that book gives us all the cognition but I disagree. We live in a generation filled with competing students. Yes, it is true that studies are the most important pillar for student's good uture but sports is equally important.Regular participation in sport activities will help a student to keep his/her body fit and mind fresh. If students are involved in sports then they will know what they're good at, because there is a very good career in sports too and they may even choose to follow that career. Colleges spend too much money for libraries but hesitate to spend money for sports but it is not healthy to do so even biologically because if a student only studies and doesn' t take part in ny sports activities then his mind automatically becomes dull and all that he has studied might not get inside his head, which will be useless.Its 21st century, a modernized time, where people are interested in people who are good at both education as well as sports. It isn't enough for people to be good Just studies; they should also be good at sports. As it is said â€Å"A sound soul dwells within a sound mind and a sound body', Just like that sports helps us our maintain our physical fitness nd mental abilities come to the conclusion that a good physical condition creates a strong mental power.Just studying makes people dull and Just sitting in one place for a long time makes us lazy and physically unfit. I know we students should study but we should also give our body some time to relax by playing games so that it can get some break by all that studying. Some parents might think sports are unnecessary but it is actually very important for a child to go out and pl ay and have some fun.

The Compassion Gap, By Nicholas Kristof And Arthur C. Brooks

Some believe that Americans have a tendency to base financial status on effort or lack thereof. America is known as a place where if you work hard, you can be successful. With this said, other countries are more prone to be envious of the rich and they believe status is achieved through connections. Do our views on how poverty is attained effect the income gap or our generosity toward those who are facing it? Nicholas Kristof and Arthur C. Brooks suggest that whether or not poverty stems from direct endeavors, we must work towards helping our neighbors and contributing to our countries’ well-being. In his article, â€Å"The Compassion Gap,† Kristof examines Johnny Weethee and his mother Truffle’s situation. Johnny is a three year old with a hearing impairment that lead him to suffer speech and development problems. His mother is judged based on her appearance. Many assume that it is her fault for her children having health issues because of her tattoos and weigh t. The author says that many people blame individuals in poverty for being â€Å"lazy and irresponsible† (Kristof 2). We should be less concerned with whose fault and focus on finding ways to spread opportunity. Purisima 2 Kristof is explaining that the first instinct of a wealthier person is to avoid a needy person or one that is struggling. An experiment showed that â€Å"affluence may erode compassion† (Kristof 1). A professor from Princeton found out that sometimes our brains don’t see the homeless as people. We

The Pearl Harbor Attack - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 580 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Pearl Harbor Essay Did you like this example? In my opinion, I believe the attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise. To support my theory, on December 7,1941, two planes came crashing, and the planes were sent at different times on that day. One plane was sent at 8:00 PM while the other was sent at 9:00 PM. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Pearl Harbor Attack" essay for you Create order By 1:00 PM, the carriers, that launched the planes from 274 miles off the coast of Oahu, were heading back to Japan. Leaving behind, 2,403 casualties, 188 destroyed planes, and a diminished Pacific Fleet that included either eight damaged or destroyed battleships. In one stroke, the Japanese action silenced the debate that had divided Americans ever since the German defeat of France which left England alone in the fight against the Nazi terror. That horrible day has been a major event that has happened in our world and it has affected the people as well. People to this day question Was the Pearl Harbor a Surprise Attack or Not? I do think so, but that is just my opinion. At the end of the Pearl Harbor attack, it left 2,335 dead and 68 civilians and 1,104 wounded. This was a devastating time for them to process because it was a surprise attack. News of the sneak attack is broadcast to the American public via radio bulletins, with many popular Sunday afternoon entertainment programs b eing interrupted. The news sends a shockwave across the nation and results in a tremendous influx of young volunteers into the U.S. armed forces. The attack also unites the nation behind the President and effectively ends isolationist sentiment in the country. The Japanese strike force turns for home. In the 44 months of war that will follow, the U.S. Navy will sink every one of the Japanese aircraft carriers, battleships and cruisers in this strike force. And when Japan signs the surrender document on Sept. 2, 1945, among the U.S. warships in Tokyo Bay will be a victim of the attack, the USS West Virginia. (National Geographic, Military Times) Couple days later, Japans allies Germany, and Italy had declared war on the United States. Which brought United states to World War 1. Apparently, the surprise was not really a surprise because they knew about the attack. The reason I believe it is a surprise because even if you knew about why didnt you stop their attack, but it is debatable because most countries are more dominant than others which sounds like this situation. President Roosevelt apparently said something about no one is getting into their country and attacking them, and karma hits them hard core! See it was a not a surprise attack apparently! President Franklin D.Roosevelt was warned three days before the attack that the Japanese empire was eyeing up Hawaii with a view to open conflict. (Goddard). So bacascilly, President Roosevelt ignored the fact that the United States was going to get attack. After that President Roosevelt declared war on japan.The European and Southeast Asian became a conflict with the Axis powers, so it was basically Japan, Germany and Italy, united against America, Britain, France, and their Allies. Shortly after 9:00 a.m. on December 8, most Pacific Coast radio stations went live to Washington to cover Franklin Roosevelts speech to a joint session of Congress. Roosevelt announced that the attack on Pearl Harbor was a day that would live in infamy, and he asked Congress for a declaration of war. (Bill Yenne) CITED SOURCE Attack at Pearl Harbor, 1941, EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com (1997). The History Place World at war in Europe, www.historyplace.com

The Sixties By David Kaufman - 1563 Words

Jewhooing the Sixties by David Kaufman is a book that examines the Jewish identity of the Jewish people as a whole based on the Jewish celebrities in America and their effect on popular culture, mainly during the first half of the 1960s. During this time, it was very common for people and especially for Jews to follow the habit of citing Jewish celebrities to which Kaufman refers to the name as â€Å"Jewhooing†. This action of jewhooing according to Kaufman â€Å"points to a deeper relationship between Jews and celebrity overall.† (1) As Kaufman takes us through this book he shows the reader four different celebrities during this time that stand out above the others which are Sandy Koufax, Lenny Bruce, Bob Dylan, and Barbara Streisand, all of which are Jewish, and the way they became celebrities within an American context, while at the same time remaining identifiable as Jews but in four different ways. This book allowed me to see the Jewish culture and a period that it was very prominent in that I had never known about before based on the Jewish identities of these celebrities. Kaufman first starts the book by explaining a little into the term of jewhooing and gives a brief description of how it applies to the American Jew. This part transitioned into how the Jews take much pride in their fellow Jews who have â€Å"made it† in American popular culture. This fascinated me greatly due to the fact that we had recently learned about this in class not too long ago and now Kaufman isShow MoreRelatedKnights of Labour1668 Words   |  7 PagesIS IT FAIR TO DISMISS THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR AS HOPELESS DREAMERS WHO ACCOMPLISHED LITTLE? Nahean Nazmul (0862852) Labour Studies 1A03 Spring/Summer 2012 Prof. David Goutor Great success often comes from previous failures. Without failure, greatness can be impossible to attain. 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Computer Security And The Law Essay Example For Students

Computer Security And The Law Essay Computer Security And The LawI. IntroductionYou are a computer administrator for a large manufacturing company. Inthe middle of a production run, all the mainframes on a crucial network grind toa halt. Production is delayed costing your company millions of dollars. Uponinvestigating, you find that a virus was released into the network through aspecific account. When you confront the owner of the account, he claims heneither wrote nor released the virus, but he admits that he has distributed hispassword to friends who need ready access to his data files. Is he liable forthe loss suffered by your company? In whole or in part? And if in part, for howmuch? These and related questions are the subject of computer law. The answersmay very depending in which state the crime was committed and the judge whopresides at the trial. Computer security law is new field, and the legalestablishment has yet to reach broad agreement on may key issues. Advances in computer security law have been impeded by the reluctance onthe part of lawyers and judges to grapple with the technical side of computersecurity issues1. This problem could be mitigated by involving technicalcomputer security professional in the development of computer security law andpublic policy. This paper is meant to help bridge to gap between technical andlegal computer security communities. II. THE TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVEA. The Objectives of Computer SecurityThe principal objective of computer security is to protect and assurethe confidentiality, integrity, and availability of automated informationsystems and the data they contain. Each of these terms has a precise meaningwhich is grounded in basic technical ideas about the flow of information inautomated information systems. B. Basic ConceptsThere is a broad, top-level consensus regarding the meaning of mosttechnical computer security concepts. This is partly because of governmentinvolvement in proposing, coordinating, and publishing the definitions of basicterms2. The meanings of the terms used in government directives andregulations are generally made to be consistent with past usage. This is not tosay that there is no disagreement over the definitions in the technicalcommunity. Rather, the range of such disagreement is much narrower than in thelegal community. For example there is presently no legal consensus on exactlywhat constitutes a computer3. The term used to establish the scope of computer security is automatedinformation system, often abbreviated AIS. An Ais is an assembly ofelectronic equipment, hardware, software, and firmware configured to collect,create, communicate, disseminate, process, store and control data or information. This includes numerous items beyond the central processing unit and associatedrandom access memory, such as input/output devises (keyboards, printers, etc.)Every AIS is used by subjects to act on objects. A subject is anyactive entity that causes information to flow among passive entities calledobjects. For example, subject could be a person typing commands which transferinformation from a keyboard (an object) to memory (another object),or a process running on the central processing unit that is sending informationfrom a file(an object) to a printer a printer(another object).2Confidentiality is roughly equivalent to privacy.If a subjectcircumvents confidentiality measures designed to prevent its access to anobject, the object is said to be comprised. Confidentiality is the mostadvanced area of computer security because the U.S. Department of Defense hasinvested heavily for many years to find way to maintain the confidentiality ofclassified data in AIS 4. This investment has produced the Department ofDefense trusted computer system evaluation criteria5, alternatively calledthe Orange Book after the color of its cover. The orange book is perhaps thesingle most authoritative document about protecting the confidentiality of datain classified AIS. Integrity measures are meant to protect data form unauthorizedmodification. The integrity of an object can be assessed by comparing itscurrent state to its original or intended state. An object which has beenmodified by a subject with out proper authorization is sad to corrupted.Technology for ensuring integrity has lagged behind that for confidentiality4. This is because the integrity problem has until recently been addressed byrestricting access to AIS to trustworthy subjects. Today, the integrity threatis no longer tractable exclusively through access control. The desire for wideconnectivity through networks and the increased us of commercial off the shelfsoftware has limited the degree to which most AISs can trust acceleratingover the past few years, and will likely become as important a priority asconfidentiality in the future. Availability means having an AIS system and its associated objectsaccessible and functional when needed by its user community. Attacks againstavailability are called denial of service attacks. For example, a subject mayrelease a virus which absorbs so much processor time that the AIS system becomesoverloaded. This is by far the least well developed of the three securityproperties, largely for technical reasons involving the formal verification ofAIS designs4. Although such verification is not likely to become a practicalreality for many years, techniques such as fault tolerance and softwarereliability are used to migrate the effects of denial service attacks. C. Computer Security RequirementsThe three security properties of confidentiality, integrity, andavailability are acvhied by labeling the subjects and objects in an AIS andregulating the flow of information between them according to a predetermined setof rules called a security policy. The security policy specifies which subjectlabels can access which object labels. For example, suppose you went shoppingand had to present your drives license to pick up some badges assigned to you atthe entrance, each listing a brand name. The policy at some stores is that youcan only buy the brand name listed on one of your badges. At the check-out lane,the cashier compares the brand names of each object you want to buy with nameson your badges. If theres a match, she rings it up. But if you choose abrand name that doesnt appear on one of your badges she puts it back on theshelf.You could be sneaky and alter a badge, or pretend to be your neighborwho has more badges than you, or find a clerk who will turn a blind eye. Nodoubt the store would employ a host of measures to prevent you from cheating. The same situation exists on secure computer systems. Security measure areemployed to prevent illicit tampering with labels, positively identify subjects,and provide assurance that the security measures are doing the job correctly. A comprehensive list of minimal requirements to secure an AIS are presented inThe Orange Book5. IIIThe Legal PerspectiveA. Sources Of Computer LawThe three branches of the government, legislative, executive, and judicial,produce quantities of computer law which are inversely proportional to theamount of coordination needed for its enactment. The legislative branch,consisting of the Congress and fifty state legislators, produce the smallestamount if law which is worded in the most general terms. For example, theCongress may pass a bill mandating that sensitive information in governmentcomputers be protected. The executive branch, consisting of the president andnumerous agencies, issues regulations which implement the bills passed bylegislators. Finally, the judicial branch serves as an avenue of appeal anddecides the meaning of the laws and regulations in specific cases. After thedecisions are issued, and in some cases appealed, they are taken as the word ofthe law in legally similar situations. B. Current Views On Computer CrimeCurrently there is no universal argument in the legal community on whatconstitutes a computer crime. One reason is the rapidly changing state ofcomputer technology. For example in 1979, the U.S. Department of justicepublication6 partitioned computer crime into three categories: 1) Computerabuse, the broad range of international acts involving a computer where one ormore perpetrators made or could have made gain and one or victims suffered orcould have suffered a loss. Computer crime, Illegal computer abuse theimplies direct involvement of computers in committing a crime. 3) Computerrelated crimes Any illegal act for which a knowledge of computer technology isessential for successful prosecution. These definitions have become blurred bythe vast proliferation of computers and computer related products over the lastdecade. For example, does altering an inventory bar code at a store constitutecomputer abuse? Should a person caught in such an act be prose cuted both undertheft and computer abuse laws? Clearly, advances in computer technology shouldbe mirrored by parallel changes in computer laws. Another attempt to describe the essential features of computer crimes has beenmade by wolk and Luddy1. They claim that the majority of crimes committedagainst or which the use of a computer can be classified. These crimes areclassified as follows: 1) sabotage, involves an attack against the entirecomputer system, or against its sub components, and may be the product offoreign involvement or penetration by a competitor. 2) Theft of services,using a computer at someone elses expense. 3) Property crime involving thetheft of property by and through the use of a computer. A good definition ofcomputer crime should capture all acts which are criminal and involve computersand only those acts. Assessing the completeness of a definition seemsproblematic, tractable using technical computer security concepts. Mulholland Drive: Camera and sound EssayB. Current Views On Computer CrimeCurrently there is no universal argument in the legal community on whatconstitutes a computer crime. One reason is the rapidly changing state ofcomputer technology. For example in 1979, the U.S. Department of justicepublication6 partitioned computer crime into three categories: 1) Computerabuse, the broad range of international acts involving a computer where one ormore perpetrators made or could have made gain and one or victims suffered orcould have suffered a loss. Computer crime, Illegal computer abuse theimplies direct involvement of computers in committing a crime. 3) Computerrelated crimes Any illegal act for which a knowledge of computer technology isessential for successful prosecution. These definitions have become blurred bythe vast proliferation of computers and computer related products over the lastdecade. For example, does altering an inventory bar code at a store constitutecomputer abuse? Shou ld a person caught in such an act be prosecuted both undertheft and computer abuse laws? Clearly, advances in computer technology shouldbe mirrored by parallel changes in computer laws. Another attempt to describe the essential features of computer crimes has beenmade by wolk and Luddy1. They claim that the majority of crimes committedagainst or which the use of a computer can be classified. These crimes areclassified as follows: 1) sabotage, involves an attack against the entirecomputer system, or against its sub components, and may be the product offoreign involvement or penetration by a competitor. 2) Theft of services,using a computer at someone elses expense. 3) Property crime involving thetheft of property by and through the use of a computer. A good definition ofcomputer crime should capture all acts which are criminal and involve computersand only those acts. Assessing the completeness of a definition seemsproblematic, tractable using technical computer security concepts. IV. ConclusionThe development of effective computer security law and public policycannot be accomplished without cooperation between the technical and legalcommunities. The inherently abstruse nature of computer technology and theimportance of social issues it generates demands the combined talents of both. At stake is not only a fair and just interpretation of the law as it pertains tocomputers, but more basic issues involving the protection of civil rights. Technological developments have challenged these rights in the past and havebeen met with laws and public policies which have regulated their use. Forexample the use of the telegraph and telephone gave rise to privacy lawspertaining to wire communications. We need to meet advances in automatedinformation technology with legislation that preserves civil liberties andestablishes legal boundaries for protecting confidentiality, integrity, andassured service. Legal and computer professionals have a vital role in meetingthis challenge together. REFERENCES1Stuart R. Wolk and William J. Luddy Jr., Legal Aspects of Computer Use Prentice Hall, 1986,pg. 129 2National Computer Security Center,Glossary of Computer Security Terms October 21,1988 3Thomas R. MylottIII, Computer Law for the Computer Professional, Prentice Hall, 1984,p.g. 131.e 4Gasser, Morrie, Building a Secure Computer System VanNostrand, 1988. 5Department of Defense, Department of Defense TrustedComputer System Evaluation Criteria, December 1985 6United StatesDepartment of Justice, Computer Crime, Criminal Justice Resource Manual, 1979COMPUTER SECURITY AND THE LAWI. IntroductionYou are a computer administrator for a large manufacturing company. Inthe middle of a production run, all the mainframes on a crucial network grind toa halt. Production is delayed costing your company millions of dollars. Uponinvestigating, you find that a virus was released into the network through aspecific account. When you confront the owner of the account, he claims heneither wrote nor released the virus, but he admits that he has distributed hispassword to friends who need ready access to his data files. Is he liable forthe loss suffered by your company? In whole or in part? And if in part, for howmuch? These and related questions are the subject of computer law. The a nswersmay very depending in which state the crime was committed and the judge whopresides at the trial. Computer security law is new field, and the legalestablishment has yet to reach broad agreement on may key issues. Advances in computer security law have been impeded by the reluctance onthe part of lawyers and judges to grapple with the technical side of computersecurity issues1. This problem could be mitigated by involving technicalcomputer security professional in the development of computer security law andpublic policy. This paper is meant to help bridge to gap between technical andlegal computer security communities. II. THE TECHNOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVEA. The Objectives of Computer SecurityThe principal objective of computer security is to protect and assurethe confidentiality, integrity, and availability of automated informationsystems and the data they contain. Each of these terms has a precise meaningwhich is grounded in basic technical ideas about the flow of information inautomated information systems. B. Basic ConceptsThere is a broad, top-level consensus regarding the meaning of mosttechnical computer security concepts. This is partly because of governmentinvolvement in proposing, coordinating, and publishing the definitions of basicterms2. The meanings of the terms used in government directives andregulations are generally made to be consistent with past usage. This is not tosay that there is no disagreement over the definitions in the technicalcommunity. Rather, the range of such disagreement is much narrower than in thelegal community. For example there is presently no legal consensus on exactlywhat constitutes a computer3. The term used to establish the scope of computer security is automatedinformation system, often abbreviated AIS. An Ais is an assembly ofelectronic equipment, hardware, software, and firmware configured to collect,create, communicate, disseminate, process, store and control data or information. This includes numerous items beyond the central processing unit and associatedrandom access memory, such as input/output devises (keyboards, printers, etc.)Every AIS is used by subjects to act on objects. A subject is anyactive entity that causes information to flow among passive entities calledobjects. For example, subject could be a person typing commands which transferinformation from a keyboard(an object) to memory (another object),or a process running on the central processing unit that is sending informationfrom a file(an object) to a printer a printer(another object).2Confidentiality is roughly equivalent to privacy.If a subjectcircumvents confidentiality measures designed to prevent its access to anobject, the object is said to be comprised. Confidentiality is the mostadvanced area of computer security because the U.S. Department of Defense hasinvested heavily for many years to find way to maintain the confidentiality ofclassified data in AIS 4. This investment has produced t he Department ofDefense trusted computer system evaluation criteria5, alternatively calledthe Orange Book after the color of its cover. The orange book is perhaps thesingle most authoritative document about protecting the confidentiality of datain classified AIS. Integrity measures are meant to protect data form unauthorizedmodification. The integrity of an object can be assessed by comparing itscurrent state to its original or intended state. An object which has beenmodified by a subject with out proper authorization is sad to corrupted.Technology for ensuring integrity has lagged behind that for confidentiality4. This is because the integrity problem has until recently been addressed byrestricting access to AIS to trustworthy subjects. Today, the integrity threatis no longer tractable exclusively through access control. The desire for wideconnectivity through networks and the increased us of commercial off the shelfsoftware has limited the degree to which most AISs can trust acceleratingover the past few years, and will likely become as important a priority asconfidentiality in the future. Availability means having an AIS system and its associated objectsaccessible and functional when needed by its user community. Attacks againstavailability are called denial of service attacks. For example, a subject mayrelease a virus which absorbs so much processor time that the AIS system becomesoverloaded. This is by far the least well developed of the three securityproperties, largely for technical reasons involving the formal verification ofAIS designs4. Although such verification is not likely to become a practicalreality for many years, techniques such as fault tolerance and softwarereliability are used to migrate the effects of denial service attacks. C. Computer Security RequirementsThe three security properties of confidentiality, integrity, andavailability are acvhied by labeling the subjects and objects in an AIS andregulating the flow of information between them according to a predetermined setof rules called a security policy. The security policy specifies which subjectla